In its trade deals with Southeast Asian countries, the Trump administration included “poison pill” provisions designed to curb Chinese influence in the region.
The provisions, part of new agreements inked with Malaysia and Cambodia last week, give the U.S. the right to cancel the deals should either country sign a competing pact that endangers core U.S. interests or security.
Trade commentators say the sweeping nature of the clauses effectively forces smaller countries that trade with China to choose sides and could alter the course of future U.S. trade diplomacy in Southeast Asia.
Economists say that the provisions could push Southeast Asian exporters to reconsider their supply chain choices. Firms that depend on Chinese inputs could face increased compliance costs or even be excluded from the U.S. market. This transformation could alter investment and production patterns in the region.
Simon Evenett, professor of strategy and geopolitics at Switzerland’s IMD Business School, has defended the new strategy: “This is the U.S. protecting its market access strength through these agreements to try and reshape the ‘factory Asia’ that has developed over recent decades.”
Lowe says US agreements with Malaysia and Cambodia were tactical
Evenett noted that the expansive clauses vest termination powers squarely in U.S. hands and provide Washington with new leverage in Southeast Asia. The Malaysia deal further binds the country to uphold U.S. sanctions and economic policies.
He added, “Ultimately, poison pill provisions transform trade agreements from purely commercial instruments into tools for managing partner countries’ broader foreign economic policy orientation.” He also argues that the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, as signed in 2020, provides a partial precedent – similar to that of other Southeast Asian pacts, except that its stipulations are narrowly defined and legally enforceable.
According to trade advisor Sam Lowe at Flint Global, the Malaysia and Cambodia deals with the U.S. were more strategic moves than substantive economic commitments. He admitted that these adjustments were part of an effort to correct the pitfalls brought about by President Trump’s trade initiatives, noting that they would only be effective until conditions changed.
Maria Demertzis, whose position as head of the Conference Board’s economic strategy centre, also called the “poison pill” clauses, another sign of political degradation into deeper divisions and less multilateral cooperation.
Critics in Malaysia say the deal weakens the country’s autonomy
The “poison pill” provisions add to U.S. plans to impose 40% tariffs on Chinese-made products rerouted via Southeast Asian ports. Trade analysts say future U.S. reciprocal tariff deals with Southeast Asian countries — particularly Thailand and Vietnam — could reveal whether Washington intends to extend the use of poison pill clauses.
In Malaysia, however, the trade pact has met with fierce criticism. Many of its opponents argue that it undermines national sovereignty and contravenes Malaysia’s long-standing policy of neutrality.
Nonetheless, the country’s trade ministry has emphasised that the U.S. cannot force its hand, noting that the terms only require talks or consultations before decisions are implemented.
U.S. trade negotiations with much of Southeast Asia were slow to start, but Trump’s summer meetings with Cambodian and Thai leaders over their border conflict gave the talks fresh momentum. However, political changes in Bangkok have slowed progress on a U.S.-Thailand trade deal, and talks with Vietnam are proving equally complicated.
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