The push to permanently block a US Central Bank Digital Currency has moved well beyond political debate.
Key Takeaways
President Trump signed an executive order in January 2025 banning federal agencies from developing a digital dollar
Multiple bills in Congress aim to make that ban permanent law
Critics warn a CBDC would enable government surveillance of personal spending
The US is pivoting to regulated private stablecoins instead, under the GENIUS Act
Since early 2025, the federal government has taken concrete steps — executive, legislative, and regulatory — to shut the door on a state-issued digital dollar, while simultaneously laying the groundwork for a private stablecoin market to take its place.
The opening salvo came in January 2025, when President Trump signed Executive Order 14178, directing federal agencies to halt all work related to establishing, issuing, or promoting a CBDC. Ongoing research programs were ordered terminated immediately. The order set the tone for what has since become a coordinated effort across both chambers of Congress.
Congress Moves to Make the Ban Stick
House Majority Whip Tom Emmer’s Anti-CBDC Surveillance State Act (H.R. 1919) would prohibit the Federal Reserve from issuing digital currency directly to individuals. Senator Mike Lee followed in February 2025 with the No CBDC Act (S. 464), legislation designed to codify Trump’s executive order into statute — removing the ability of any future administration to reverse course unilaterally. Most recently, a March 2026 amendment to a Senate housing bill proposes a moratorium on any CBDC development through at least 2030 or 2031, though detractors have dismissed it as a delay mechanism rather than a definitive fix.
The arguments driving this legislation are pointed. Lawmakers contend that a government-issued digital currency would hand unelected bureaucrats direct visibility into every financial transaction made by American citizens. More alarming to critics is the concept of programmability — the technical capacity to impose negative interest rates, restrict purchases, or freeze access to funds for political reasons. Industry groups, particularly community banking advocates at the ICBA, have added another concern: a CBDC would pull deposits out of local banks, shrinking credit availability in smaller markets and destabilizing institutions that lack the scale to absorb the shock.
The US Goes Its Own Way
While the US tightens restrictions, the rest of the world is moving in the opposite direction. Roughly 134 countries, accounting for 98% of global GDP, remain in active CBDC exploration. Washington is not unaware of the competitive dimension here. The strategic response has been a pivot: formalize a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve and accelerate the adoption of dollar-backed stablecoins to preserve greenback dominance in international payments without the political and surveillance liabilities of a state-run wallet.
That pivot is embodied in the GENIUS Act of 2025 — the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Stablecoins — which legally recognizes private stablecoins as payment instruments, not securities. Under this framework, issuers must maintain 100% reserves in high-quality liquid assets such as US Treasuries, submit weekly confidential reports to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and pass annual independent audits. Crucially, they are barred from paying interest to holders, a provision designed to prevent direct competition with community bank savings accounts. The Federal Reserve is explicitly excluded from issuing any competing product.
Two Models, One Clear Choice
The distinction between the two models is stark. A CBDC would have been backed by the full faith and credit of the US government, with transactions potentially visible to federal authorities. Private stablecoins operate on public blockchains, subject to existing Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering rules — surveillance architecture that already exists, rather than a new infrastructure built around it.
The broader policy signal is clear: Washington has decided that the risks of centralized digital currency — surveillance capability, disintermediation of private banking, and concentration of monetary control — outweigh any efficiency gains. The bet is that private market infrastructure, properly regulated, can modernize US payment rails without requiring the government to monitor individual wallets. Whether that bet holds as global CBDC adoption accelerates remains an open question.
